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Cabinet approves Women Reservation Bill granting 33% seats to women in Parliament

20 September 2023
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Cabinet approves Women Reservation Bill granting 33% seats to women in Parliament

On September 18, the Union Cabinet took a historic step by approving the Women Reservation Bill, which mandates a 33 percent reservation for women in both the Lok Sabha and state assemblies of India. This monumental legislation aims to ensure equal representation for women in the highest legislative bodies of the country.

Key Provisions of the Women Reservation Bill

33% Reservation for Women

• • The Women Reservation Bill mandates that one-third of the seats in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies will be reserved for women candidates.
  • This provision aims to promote gender equality and increase women's representation in India's legislative bodies.

Rotational Reservation

• • To ensure fairness and equitable distribution, the reserved seats will be rotated after each general election.
  • This mechanism prevents the monopolization of reserved seats by specific political parties or individuals.

Sub-Reservation for Marginalized Groups

• • The Bill also proposes sub-reservation within the 33 percent quota for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Anglo-Indians.
  • This sub-reservation recognizes the importance of addressing intersectional inequalities and promoting diversity in political representation.

A Long and Turbulent History

• The Women's Reservation Bill has a tumultuous history, dating back to its initial introduction in 1996.
• Subsequent attempts were made in 1998 and 1999, but the bill faced significant opposition and challenges.
• A breakthrough occurred in 2008 when the bill was passed in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) in 2010.
• Unfortunately, the bill lapsed due to the dissolution of the Lok Sabha, leading to years of continued debate and discussions.

Current Development

• With the commencement of Parliament's special session, the Women Reservation Bill has once again taken center stage.
• Its approval by the Union Cabinet marks a significant step towards achieving greater gender equality and political empowerment of women in India.

14th World Spice Congress: Celebrating India's Spice Heritage

20 September 2023
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14th World Spice Congress: Celebrating India's Spice Heritage

The 14th edition of the World Spice Congress (WSC) commenced in Vashi, Navi Mumbai. This three-day event is being meticulously organized by the Spices Board India, a subsidiary of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, in collaboration with several trade bodies and export forums. India, often referred to as the 'Spice Bowl' of the world, is known for producing high-quality, rare, and medicinal spices. The World Spice Congress (WSC) aims to create new opportunities for the international trade of Indian spices.

Diverse Participants

The event is not limited to traders; it also welcomes policy regulators. Special business sessions have been dedicated to promoting spice trade among G20 countries. Participants include policymakers, regulatory authorities, spice trade associations, government officials, and technical experts from key G20 nations.

Maharashtra: The Ideal Venue

Maharashtra was chosen as the venue for WSC due to its significant spice production. The state is a leading producer of turmeric and boasts two GI-tagged turmeric varieties and one GI-tagged chilli variety. Additionally, coastal areas of Maharashtra are known for producing GI-tagged Kokum. The state serves as one of India's largest exporting hubs for spices.

The Role of Climatic Conditions in Spice Cultivation

The climatic conditions in India, ranging from tropical to temperate, along with variations in rainfall, humidity, and altitude, play a pivotal role in shaping the spice industry. These diverse conditions allow for the cultivation of a wide variety of spices, contributing to India's status as a global leader in spice production and trade.

Temperature Preferences

Different spices have specific temperature requirements for growth and development. India's varying temperatures across regions provide suitable conditions for a range of spices. For instance, spices like black pepper and cardamom thrive in warmer, tropical climates, while cumin and coriander prefer temperate conditions.

Humidity's Influence

Many spices require a certain level of humidity to grow well. The warm and humid climate in southern and southwestern India, particularly in states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, is ideal for spices like black pepper, cardamom, and cloves.

Rainfall's Vital Role

Adequate and well-distributed rainfall is crucial for spice cultivation. Spices like ginger and turmeric, which are cultivated in subtropical regions, benefit from the monsoon rains in states like Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

Altitude Matters

The altitude of a region can impact spice cultivation. For example, the cultivation of high-value spices like saffron is often done at higher altitudes in regions like Jammu and Kashmir, where the climate is cooler.

Seasonal Considerations

Spices are often harvested at specific times of the year when climatic conditions are most favorable. For example, cardamom harvesting in Kerala is typically done during the monsoon season when moisture levels are high.

Microclimates: India's Secret

India's diverse landscape also includes microclimates within regions, which can create niche conditions for the cultivation of specific spices. Certain valleys or hilly areas may have slightly different climatic conditions that are suitable for unique spice varieties.

Adaptation Over Time

Over centuries, farmers in different regions of India have adapted to their local climatic conditions and have developed cultivation practices that are specific to their environment. This has led to the successful cultivation of a wide range of spices across the country.

Soil Requirements for Spice Cultivation

While well-drained, loamy soils with good organic content are generally preferred for spice cultivation, specific spices may have unique soil preferences. Understanding the soil requirements of different spices and the local soil conditions in a given region is crucial for successful spice farming.

Well-Drained Loamy Soils

Well-drained, loamy soils with good organic content are generally preferred for many spice crops. Loam is a balanced soil type that combines sand, silt, and clay, providing good drainage and moisture retention.

Organic Content Matters

Organic matter in the soil, such as compost or well-rotted manure, is beneficial for spice cultivation. It helps improve soil structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient availability.

Specific Soil Preferences

Different spices may have specific soil preferences based on their adaptability and growth requirements. For example:

• Turmeric and Ginger: These rhizomatous spices prefer well-drained sandy loam soils. Sandy loam allows for good drainage, which is essential to prevent waterlogging around the rhizomes.
• Black Pepper: Black pepper plants thrive in lateritic soils, which are iron-rich and well-drained. The slightly acidic nature of lateritic soils is suitable for pepper cultivation.
• Cardamom: Cardamom plants prefer loamy soils with good organic content. They are often grown in regions with high rainfall and well-distributed moisture.

pH Levels

Soil pH can also influence spice cultivation. Many spices grow well in slightly acidic to neutral soils. Soil pH levels can be adjusted, if necessary, through the addition of lime or other soil amendments.

Microclimates and Local Conditions

Local variations in soil types and microclimates can influence spice cultivation. Farmers often adapt their practices to suit the specific conditions of their region, selecting suitable spice varieties and adjusting soil management techniques accordingly.

Soil Preparation and Maintenance

Proper soil preparation, including soil testing, can help determine the pH and nutrient levels in the soil. This information can guide farmers in making necessary amendments to optimize soil conditions for spice cultivation. Crop rotation and soil health practices are essential to maintain the fertility and structure of the soil over time.

The Rich Tapestry of Indian Spices

India cultivates a wide variety of spices, each with its unique characteristics and regional significance.

• Black Pepper: Grown in Kerala, Karnataka, and other southern states.
• Cardamom: Mainly produced in Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
• Turmeric: Cultivated in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Odisha.
• Chilli: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Telangana are known for chilli production.
• Cumin: Grown in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
• Coriander: Cultivated in states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh.

Export and Economic Significance

Spices are indeed a vital component of India's agricultural economy. The spice industry provides livelihoods to millions of farmers, laborers, and traders across the country.

Foreign Exchange Earnings

The export of spices is a significant contributor to India's foreign exchange earnings. India is one of the world's largest spice exporters, and its spices are in high demand globally. The export of Indian spices includes products like ground spices, spice extracts, spice oils, and spice blends.

Cultural and Culinary Significance

• Cultural Heritage: Spices have a rich cultural heritage in India. They have been an integral part of Indian culture for centuries, used not only in cuisine but also in traditional medicine, rituals, and ceremonies.
• Diverse Flavors: Spices contribute to the diverse and complex flavours of Indian cuisine. Each spice has its unique taste profile, and the art of blending them in various combinations creates a wide array of Indian dishes, from mild and aromatic to fiery and robust.
• Spice Blends: Spice blends like garam masala and curry powder are at the heart of Indian cooking. These blends are carefully crafted combinations of spices that lend distinctive flavours to dishes.
• Regional Variations: Different regions of India have their own spice preferences and culinary traditions. Spices play a central role in defining regional cuisines and adding depth to local flavours.
• Health Benefits: Many Indian spices are known for their health benefits and are used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. For example, turmeric is valued for its anti-inflammatory properties, and ginger is used to aid digestion.

Important takeaways for all competitive exams: 

• Spices Board India Chairman: A G Thankappan;
• Spices Board India Established: 1987.