Thursday, 6 October 2022

The Nobel Prize 2022: Nobel literature prize 2022 awarded to French author Annie Ernaux

06 October 2022
-------------------------------

The Nobel Prize 2022: Nobel literature prize 2022 awarded to French author Annie Ernaux

The Nobel Prize in Literature for 2022 is awarded to the French author Annie Ernaux “for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory” at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm.  The writer is known for works that blur the line between memoir and fiction.

Bank Maha Pack includes Live Batches, Test Series, Video Lectures & eBooks

The French author believes in the liberating force of writing. Her work is uncompromising and written in plain language, scraped clean. With great courage and clinical acuity, Annie Ernaux reveals the agony of the experience of class, describing shame, humiliation, jealousy or inability to see who you are, she has achieved something admirable and enduring.

Table of Contents

About the Annie Ernaux:

  • Annie Ernaux was born in 1940 and grew up in the small town of Yvetot in Normandy.
  • Ernaux, 82, has seen a sharp increase in popularity in the English-speaking world since 2019, after her seminal work ‘The Years’, translated by Alison L Strayer, was shortlisted for the Man Booker international prize.
  • Her book on her illegal abortion in the 1960s, ‘Happening’ (first published in 2001) has also been in the limelight after abortion rights were curtailed in the US.
  • They present uncompromising portraits of sexual encounters, abortion, illness and the deaths of her parents. Ernaux describes her style as “flat writing” (ecriture plate), a very objective view of the events she is describing, unshaped by florid description or overwhelming emotions.

About the Nobel Prize:

The prize is awarded by the Swedish Academy and is worth 10 million Swedish crowns ($914,704) and will be handed out on Dec. 10. The money comes from a bequest left by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel, in 1895.

Sunday, 18 September 2022

J K Flipflop

 There are following 4 basic types of flip flops-

 

 

  1. SR Flip Flop
  2. JK Flip Flop
  3. D Flip Flop
  4. T Flip Flop

 

In this article, we will discuss about JK Flip Flop.

 

JK Flip Flop-

 

JK flip flop is a refined & improved version of SR Flip Flop

that has been introduced to solve the problem of indeterminate state

that occurs in SR flip flop when both the inputs are 1.

 

In JK flip flop,

  • Input J behaves like input S of SR flip flop which was meant to set the flip flop.
  • Input K behaves like input R of SR flip flop which was meant to reset the flip flop.

 

Construction of JK Flip Flop-

 

There are following two methods for constructing a JK flip flop-

 

 

  1. By using SR flip flop constructed from NOR latch
  2. By using SR flip flop constructed from NAND latch

 

1. Construction of JK Flip Flop By Using SR Flip Flop Constructed From NOR Latch-

 

This method of constructing JK Flip Flop uses-

  • SR Flip Flop constructed from NOR latch
  • Two other connections

 

Logic Circuit-

 

The logic circuit for JK Flip Flop constructed using SR Flip Flop constructed from NOR latch is as shown below-

 

 

2. Construction of JK Flip Flop By Using SR Flip Flop Constructed From NAND Latch-

 

This method of constructing JK Flip Flop uses-

SR Flip Flop constructed from NAND latch

  • Two other connections

 

Logic Circuit-

 

The logic circuit for JK Flip Flop constructed using SR Flip Flop constructed from NAND latch is as shown below-

 

 

Logic Symbol-

 

The logic symbol for JK Flip Flop is as shown below-

 

 

Truth Table-

 

The truth table for JK Flip Flop is as shown below-

 

INPUTSOUTPUTS
JKQn

(Present State)

Qn+1

(Next State)

0000
0011
0100
0110
1001
1011
1101
1110

Truth Table

 

The above truth table may be reduced as-

 

INPUTSOUTPUTSREMARKS
JKQn

(Present State)

Qn+1

(Next State)

States and Conditions
00XQnHold State condition J = K = 0
01X0Reset state condition J = 0 , K = 1
10X1Set state condition J = 1 , K = 0
11XQ’nToggle state condition J = K = 1

Truth Table

 

Characteristic Equation-

 

Draw a k map using the above truth table-

 

 

From here-

Qn+1 = Q’n (JK + JK’) + Qn (J’K’ + JK’)

 

Qn+1 = Q’nJ + QnK’

 

Excitation Table-

 

The excitation table of any flip flop is drawn using its truth table.

 

QnQn+1SR
000X
011X
10X1
11X0

Excitation Table

 

SR Flip Flop Vs JK Flip Flop-

 

Both JK flip flop and SR flip flop are functionally same.

The only difference between them is-

  • In JK flip flop, indeterminate state does not occur.
  • In JK flip flop, instead of indeterminate state, the present state toggles.
  • In other words, the present state gets inverted when both the inputs are 1.

 

To gain better understanding about JK Flip Flop,