J K Flipflop

 There are following 4 basic types of flip flops-

 

 

1. SR Flip Flop
2. JK Flip Flop
3. D Flip Flop
4. T Flip Flop

 

In this article, we will discuss about JK Flip Flop.

 

JK Flip Flop-

 

JK flip flop is a refined & improved version of SR Flip Flop that has been introduced to solve the problem of indeterminate state that occurs in SR flip flop when both the inputs are 1.

 

In JK flip flop,

• Input J behaves like input S of SR flip flop which was meant to set the flip flop.
• Input K behaves like input R of SR flip flop which was meant to reset the flip flop.

 

Construction of JK Flip Flop-

 

There are following two methods for constructing a JK flip flop-

 

 

1. By using SR flip flop constructed from NOR latch
2. By using SR flip flop constructed from NAND latch

 

1. Construction of JK Flip Flop By Using SR Flip Flop Constructed From NOR Latch-

 

This method of constructing JK Flip Flop uses-

• SR Flip Flop constructed from NOR latch
• Two other connections

 

Logic Circuit-

 

The logic circuit for JK Flip Flop constructed using SR Flip Flop constructed from NOR latch is as shown below-

 

 

2. Construction of JK Flip Flop By Using SR Flip Flop Constructed From NAND Latch-

 

This method of constructing JK Flip Flop uses-

SR Flip Flop constructed from NAND latch

• Two other connections

 

Logic Circuit-

 

The logic circuit for JK Flip Flop constructed using SR Flip Flop constructed from NAND latch is as shown below-

 

 

Logic Symbol-

 

The logic symbol for JK Flip Flop is as shown below-

 

 

Truth Table-

 

The truth table for JK Flip Flop is as shown below-

 

INPUTS			OUTPUTS
J	K	Qn (Present State)	Qn+1 (Next State)
0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1
0	1	0	0
0	1	1	0
1	0	0	1
1	0	1	1
1	1	0	1
1	1	1	0

Truth Table

 

The above truth table may be reduced as-

 

INPUTS			OUTPUTS	REMARKS
J	K	Qn (Present State)	Qn+1 (Next State)	States and Conditions
0	0	X	Qn	Hold State condition J = K = 0
0	1	X	0	Reset state condition J = 0 , K = 1
1	0	X	1	Set state condition J = 1 , K = 0
1	1	X	Q’n	Toggle state condition J = K = 1

Truth Table

 

Characteristic Equation-

 

Draw a k map using the above truth table-

 

 

From here-

Q_n+1 = Q’_n (JK + JK’) + Q_n (J’K’ + JK’)

 

Qn+1 = Q’nJ + QnK’

 

Excitation Table-

 

The excitation table of any flip flop is drawn using its truth table.

 

Qn	Qn+1	S	R
0	0	0	X
0	1	1	X
1	0	X	1
1	1	X	0

Excitation Table

 

SR Flip Flop Vs JK Flip Flop-

 

Both JK flip flop and SR flip flop are functionally same.

The only difference between them is-

• In JK flip flop, indeterminate state does not occur.
• In JK flip flop, instead of indeterminate state, the present state toggles.
• In other words, the present state gets inverted when both the inputs are 1.

 

To gain better understanding about JK Flip Flop,

India Ratings Cuts FY23 GDP Growth Forecast to 6.9%

17 September 2022
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India Ratings Cuts FY23 GDP Growth Forecast to 6.9%

India Ratings became the latest agency to cut its FY23 gross domestic product forecast. The ratings agency cut the forecast to 6.9 per cent from 7 per cent, joining other institutions who have cut their projections to below 7 per cent since the release of the April-June quarter GDP data.

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What It Said:

“Despite private final consumption expenditure (PFCE) and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) growth coming in better than our expectations in Q1, the agency expects the slowdown in the growth of government final consumption expenditure (GFCE) and worsening of net exports to weigh on the FY23 GDP growth,” India Ratings said in a statement.

Other Agencies Prediction:

Global rating agency Fitch also lowered India’s economic growth forecast for FY23 to 7 per cent from its June 2022 estimate of 7.8 per cent. It now expects the GDP to slow further to 6.7 per cent in FY24 as compared to its earlier forecast of 7.4 per cent. India Ratings projects GDP growth of 7.2 per cent in July-September FY23 quarter, 4 per cent in October-December and 4.1 per cent in February-March. “Recovering the lost output due to COVID-19 will be a long haul. Our estimate shows that even if GDP grows at 7.6 per cent every year after FY23, then also India would be able to catch up with pre-pandemic trend growth only by FY35”, said Sunil Kumar Sinha, Principal Economist.

Economy’s Main Thrust:

The agency did say that India’s biggest strength continues to be domestic economic activity, which has shown more resilience compared to the rest of the world. It said that it expects the growth momentum to sustain, averaging around mid-single digit in the remaining quarters, mainly buoyed by the upcoming festival season. “However, ‘K-shaped’ recovery is neither allowing the consumption demand to become broad based nor helping the wage growth especially of the population that are part of the lower half of the income pyramid,” the agency said. “Household sector, which accounts for 44-45 per cent of the gross value added, has witnessed nearly flat or negative growth in their real wages (adjusted for inflation) since FY19. Wage growth in June 2022 in real terms stood at about negative 3.7 per cent in urban areas and negative 1.6 per cent in rural areas,” it said.

Growth So For:

India’s Q1-FY23 GDP came in at 13.5 per cent, despite the low base of the equivalent period of 2021-22, when economic activity was severely impacted by the Delta wave of the pandemic. Sequentially, GDP contracted 9.6 percent in Q1-FY23 compared with Q4-FY22. The RBI had projected Q1-FY23 GDP growth at 16.2 pe rcent. After the official data, a number of banks and financial institutions slashed their economic growth estimates for the current financial year. These included State Bank of India, Goldman Sachs, Citigroup and ratings agency Moody’s.

15-­year­-old Pranav Anand becomes India’s 76th Chess Grandmaster

17 September 2022
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15-­year­-old Pranav Anand becomes India’s 76th Chess Grandmaster

15-­year­-old, Pranav Anand from Bengaluru, Karnataka became India’s 76th Chess GrandMaster (GM) after winning against International Master (IM) Emin Ohanyan of Armenia. He received the title after he crossed the 2,500 Elo points in the ongoing World Youth Chess Championship in Mamaia, Romania. A month before Pranav Anand became India’s 76th GM, Pranav Venkatesh became India’s 75th Grandmaster.

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In order to qualify for the GM title, a player must secure 3 GM norms covering 27 games and cross the live rating of 2,500 Elo points. Pranav Anand needs to cross the live rating of 2,500 which he did in the penultimate round of the World Youth Under­16 Open 2022. In July, he scored the 3rd and final GM norm at the 55th Biel Chess Festival in Switzerland. He has drawn his game against Spain’s No.5 GM Eduardo Iturrizaga Bonelli (2619) in the penultimate round.

About GrandMaster (GM):

GrandMaster is the highest title apart from World Champion awarded to Chess players International Chess Federation FIDE. India’s 1st Chess GrandMaster was won by Viswanathan Anand at the age of 14 in 1988.