Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)

The Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP) operates on top of many different bearer services capable of carrying data. At the T-SAP WDP offers a consistent datagram transport service independent of the underlying bearer. To offer this consistent service, the adaptation needed in the transport layer can differ depending on the services of the bearer. The closer the bearer service is to IP, the smaller the adaptation can be. If the bearer already offers IP services, UDP is used as WDP. WDP offers more or less the same services as UDP.WDP offers source and destination port numbers used for multiplexing and demultiplexing of data respectively. The service primitive to send a datagram is TDUnitdata.req with the destination address (DA), destination port (DP), Source address (SA), source port (SP), and user data (UD) as mandatory parameters (see Figure 10.11). Destination and source address are unique addresses for the receiver and sender of the user data. These could be MSISDNs (i.e., a telephone number), IP addresses, or any other unique identifiers. The T-DUnitdata.ind service primitive indicates the reception of data. Here destination address and port are only optional parameters.

If a higher layer requests a service the WDP cannot fulfill, this error is indicated with the T-DError.ind service primitive as shown in Figure 10.11. An error code (EC) is returned indicating the reason for the error to the higher layer. WDP is not allowed to use this primitive to indicate problems with the bearer service. It is only allowed to use the primitive to indicate local problems, such as a user data size that is too large. If any errors happen when WDP datagram‘s are sent from one WDP entity to another (e.g. the destination is unreachable, no application is listening to the specified destination port etc.), the wireless control message protocol (WCMP) provides error handling mechanisms for WDP and should therefore be implemented. WCMP contains control messages that resemble the internet control message protocol messages and can also be used for diagnostic and informational purposes.

WCMP can be used by WDP nodes and gateways to report errors. However, WCMP error messages must not be sent as response to other WCMP error messages. In IP-based networks, ICMP will be used as WCMP (e.g., CDPD, GPRS). Typical WCMP messages are destination unreachable (route, port, address unreachable), parameter problem (errors in the packet header), message too big, reassembly failure, or echo request/reply. An additional

WDP management entity supports WDP and provides information about changes in the environment, which may influence the correct operation of WDP. Important information is the current configuration of the device, currently available bearer services, processing and memory resources etc. Design and implementation of this management component is considered vendor-specific and is outside the scope of WAP.

If the bearer already offers IP transmission, WDP (i.e., UDP in this case) relies on the segmentation (called fragmentation in the IP context) and reassembly capabilities of the IP layer as specified in (Postal, 1981a). Otherwise, WDP has to include these capabilities, which is, e.g., necessary for the GSM SMS. The WAP specification provides many more adaptations to almost all bearer services currently available or planned for the future (WAP Forum, 2000q), (WAP Forum, 2000b).

Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)

If requested by an application, a security service, the wireless transport layer security (WTLS), can be integrated into the WAP architecture on top of WDP as specified in (WAP Forum, 2000c). WTLS can provide different levels of security (for privacy, data integrity, and authentication) and has been optimized for low bandwidth, high-delay bearer networks. WTLS takes into account the low processing power and very limited memory capacity of the mobile devices for cryptographic algorithms. WTLS supports datagram and connection-oriented transport layer protocols. New compared to, e.g. GSM, is the security relation between two peers and not only between the mobile device and the base station . WTLS took over many features and mechanisms from TLS (formerly SSL, secure sockets layer, but it has an optimized handshaking between the peers.

Before data can be exchanged via WTLS, a secure session has to be established. This session establishment consists of several steps: Figure illustrates the sequence of service primitives needed for a so-called ‗full handshake‘ (several optimizations are possible).

The originator and the peer of the secure session can both interrupt session establishment any time, e.g., if the parameters proposed are not acceptable.

The first step is to initiate the session with the SEC-Create primitive. Parameters are source address (SA), source port (SP) of the originator, destination address (DA), destination port (DP) of the peer. The originator proposes a key exchange suite (KES) (e.g., RSA, DH, ECC, a cipher suite (CS) (e.g., DES, IDEA, and a compression method (CM) (currently not further specified). The peer answers with parameters for the sequence number mode (SNM), the key refresh cycle (KR) (i.e., how often keys are refreshed within this secure session), the session identifier (SID) (which is unique with each peer), and the selected key exchange suite (KES‘), cipher suite (CS‘), compression method (CM‘). The peer also issues a SEC-Exchange primitive. This indicates that the peer wishes to perform public-key authentication with the client, i.e., the peer requests a client certificate (CC) from the originator.

The first step of the secure session creation, the negotiation of the security parameters and suites, is indicated on the originator‘s side, followed by the request for a certificate. The originator answers with its certificate and issues a SEC-Commit.req primitive. This primitive indicates that the handshake is completed for the originator‘s side and that the originator now wants to switch into the newly negotiated connection state. The certificate is delivered to the peer side and the SEC-Commit is indicated. The WTLS layer of the peer sends back a confirmation to the originator. This concludes the full handshake for secure session setup.

After setting up a secure connection between two peers, user data can be exchanged. This is done using the simple SEC-Unit data primitive as shown in Figure 10.13. SEC-Unit data has exactly the same function as T-D Unit data on the WDP layer, namely it transfers a datagram between a sender and a receiver. This data transfer is still unreliable, but is now secure. This shows that WTLS can be easily plugged into the protocol stack on top of WDP. The higher layers simply use SEC-Unit data instead of T-D Unit data. The parameters are the same here: source address (SA), source port (SP), destination address (DA), destination port (DP), and user data (UD).

This section will not discuss the security-related features of WTLS or the pros and cons of different encryption algorithms. The reader is referred to the specification and excellent cryptography literature. Although WTLS allows for different encryption mechanisms with different key lengths, it is quite clear that due to computing power on the handheld devices the encryption provided cannot be very strong. If applications require stronger security, it is up to an application or a user to apply stronger encryption on top of the whole protocol stack and use WTLS as a basic security level only. Many programs are available for this purpose. It is important to note that the security association in WTLS exists between the mobile WAP-enabled devices and a WAP server or WAP gateway only. If an application accesses another server via the gateway, additional mechanisms are needed for end-to-end security. If for example a user accesses his or her bank account using WAP, the WTLS security association typically ends at the

WAP gateway inside the network operator‘s domain. The bank and user will want to apply additional security mechanisms in this scenario.

Future work in the WTLS layer comprises consistent support for application level security (e.g. digital signatures) and different implementation classes with different capabilities to select from.1`

Daily updates 28 September 2019

National

1. First Indigenous Fuel Cell System launched on CSIR Foundation Day

• The President of India Ramnath Kovind unveiled the first Indigenous High-Temperature Fuel Cell System.
• This system is developed by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in partnership with Indian industries under India’s flagship program named “New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI)” on the occasion of CSIR Foundation Day in New Delhi.
• The 5.0 kW fuel cell system generates power in a green manner using methanol / bio-methane, with heat and water as bi-products for further use; amounting to greater than 70% efficiency, which otherwise may not be possible by other energy sources.

Static/Current Takeaways Important For RRB NTPC/IBPS RRB Mains:

• Director-General of  CSIR: Shekhar C. Mande.

State News

2. CM Kamal Nath announces Bhopal metro will be named Raja Bhoj

• Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Kamal Nath announced that the metro rail in Bhopal will be named for Raja Bhoj.
• Raja Bhoj was an 11th-century ruler from the Parmar dynasty which once ruled the area.
• CM Kamal Nath laid the foundation stone of the Bhopal Metro Rail Project to be built at a cost of about Rs 6,941.4 crore rupees.

Static/Current Takeaways Important For RRB NTPC/IBPS RRB Mains:

• Governor of Madhya Pradesh: Lal Ji Tandon.

Agreement

3. PNB MetLife India Insurance Co. Ltd. ties-up with Religare Health Insurance

• PNB MetLife India Insurance Co. Ltd. has tied-up with Religare Health Insurance to offer a product which covers health, death and illness.
• The tie-up will offer additional earning opportunity for the life insurer’s distribution channel partners. The product will be a seamless integration exercise to ensure that it comes as a single policy to a customer.

4. DRDO and CUJ sign MoU to set up Kalam Centre for Science and Technology

• Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defence and Central University of Jammu (CUJ) have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the establishment of Kalam Centre for Science and Technology (KCST) at the university.
• The main objective of the MoU is to undertake and facilitate multidisciplinary directed basic and applied research and technology development in the identified research verticals namely Computational System Security and Sensors.
• The centre will be equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and equipment leading to an increase in research scholars in these areas.

Static/Current Takeaways Important For IBPS RRB Main 2019:

• Union Minister of Defence: Raj Nath Singh.
• Chairman of DRDO: Dr G. Satheesh Reddy; Headquarters: New Delhi; Founded: 1958.
• Motto of DRDO: “Strength’s Origin is in Science.

Appointments

5. Air Marshal HS Arora appointed new IAF Vice Chief

• Air Marshal HS Arora has been appointed as the Vice Chief of Indian Air Force. He will succeed Air Marshal RKS Bhadauria who will take over as the Chief of Air Staff.
• Air Marshal Arora is currently heading the Gandhinagar headquartered South Western Air Command of the Air Force. He was also deputed as Defence Attache at the Embassy of India, Bangkok, Thailand from 2006 to 2009.
• In another re-shuffle, Air Marshal B Suresh has been appointed as Western Air Commander of the Air Force, in New Delhi. Suresh will succeed Kargil war hero Air Marshal Raghunath Nambiar.

Awards

6. Cochin International Airport wins award for passenger satisfaction

• Airport Council International has recognised Cochin International Airport Limited as the best airport in terms of services offered to passengers.
• As per the annual Airport Service Quality survey conducted by the ACI, CIAL was ranked amongst the best airports in the 5-15 million category in the Asia Pacific region for the year 2018.
• The award was presented to the authorities of Cochin International Airport at the second Annual ACI Customer Experience Global Summit held at Bali, Indonesia.
• ACI ASQ survey is world-renowned and established airport service quality benchmarking programme measuring passengers' satisfaction.

7. Infosys Bags UN Global Climate Action Award for 'Carbon Neutral Now' Category

• IT major Infosys has received the United Nations Global Climate Action Award in the 'Climate Neutral Now' category.
• Infosys is the only corporate from India to earn the recognition for its efforts to combat climate change.
• The announcement of the winners was made after the UN Climate Summit in New York convened by UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres.
• The award will be presented to Infosys at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP25) in Santiago, Chile (December 2019).

Static/Current Takeaways Important For IBPS RRB Main 2019:

• Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director of Infosys: Salil Parekh.

Ranks and Reports

8. India ranked 44th in world digital competitiveness rankings

• India was ranked 44th in the IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking 2019 produced by the IMD World Competitiveness Center.
• The US was ranked as the world's most digitally competitive economy, followed by Singapore in the second place.
• The center measured the capacity and readiness of 63 nations to adopt and explore digital technologies as a key driver for economic transformation in business, government and wider society.
• To evaluate an economy, WDCR examines 3 factors: Knowledge: the capacity to understand and learn the new technologies; technology: the competence to develop new digital innovations; and future readiness: the preparedness for the coming developments.

Sports

9. Rupa Gurunath appointed as first woman president of Tamil Nadu Cricket Association

• Rupa Gurunath was appointed as the first woman president of Tamil Nadu Cricket Association (TNCA) at the 87th Annual General Meeting of TNCA in Chennai, TamilNadu.
• With this appointment, she also became the first woman to head a state-level cricket body in the country.

Static/Current Takeaways Important For IBPS RRB Main 2019:

• BCCI President: C.K. Khanna; Headquarter of BCCI: Mumbai.

Obituaries

10. The Owner of Britannia & Co Boman Rashid Kohinoor passes away

• Boman Rashid Kohinoor, senior partner at the iconic Britannia & Co restaurant (Mumbai) passed away. Boman Kohinoor’s father Rashid Kohinoor, a Zoroastrian immigrant from Iran started this restaurant on the south Mumbai, in the year 1923.