Sunday, 8 September 2019

Satellite Frequency band and its working

Satellite technology is developing fast, and the applications for satellite technology are increasing all the time. Not only can satellites be used for radio communications, but they are also used for astronomy, weather forecasting, broadcasting, mapping and many more applications. 
With the variety of satellite frequency bands that can be used, designations have been developed so that they can be referred to easily. 
The higher frequency bands typically give access to wider bandwidths, but are also more susceptible to signal degradation due to ‘rain fade’ (the absorption of radio signals by atmospheric rain, snow or ice).
Because of satellites’ increased use, number and size, congestion has become a serious issue in the lower frequency bands. New technologies are being investigated so that higher bands can be used. 

L-band (1–2 GHz)

Global Positioning System (GPS) carriers and also satellite mobile phones, such as Iridium; Inmarsat providing communications at sea, land and air; WorldSpace satellite radio.
S-band (2–4 GHz)
Weather radar, surface ship radar, and some communications satellites, especially those of NASA for communication with ISS and Space Shuttle. In May 2009, Inmarsat and Solaris mobile (a joint venture between Eutelsat and Astra) were awarded each a 2×15 MHz portion of the S-band by the European Commission. 

C-band (4–8 GHz)

Primarily used for satellite communications, for full-time satellite TV networks or raw satellite feeds. Commonly used in areas that are subject to tropical rainfall, since it is less susceptible to rainfade than Ku band (the original Telstar satellite had a transponder operating in this band, used to relay the first live transatlantic TV signal in 1962).

X-band (8–12 GHz)

Primarily used by the military. Used in radar applications including continuous-wave, pulsed, single-polarisation, dual- polarisation, synthetic aperture radar and phased arrays. X-band radar frequency sub-bands are used in civil, military and government institutions for weather monitoring, air traffic control, maritime vessel traffic control, defence tracking and vehicle speed detection for law enforcement.

Ku-band (12–18 GHz)

Used for satellite communications. In Europe, Ku-band downlink is used from 10.7 GHz to 12.75 GHz for direct broadcast satellite services, such as Astra.

Ka-band (26–40 GHz)

Communications satellites, uplink in either the 27.5 GHz and 31 GHz bands, and high-resolution, close-range targeting radars on military aircraft.

Daily news 1 2 September 2019


National News

1. Higher penalties for violating traffic rules come into force
i.
 The amended provisions of the Motor Vehicle Act, which hike the penalty for traffic rules violation have come into force from 01st September 2019. As many as 63 clauses of the Act, which correspond to an increase in the fine for traffic rule violation came into force
ii. The fine for jumping red-light has been revised from 1,000 rupees earlier to 5,000 rupees now. Driving without wearing the seat belt, which earlier invited a fine of 100 rupees will now attract a fine of 1,000 rupees.
    2. EC launches Electors Verification Programme
    i. The Election Commission
     launched a new mega Electors Verification Programme (EVP) across the country.
    ii. The programme, which seeks to electoral rolls through crowdsourcing, will go on till 15th of October.
    iii.
     Under the programme, a voter from each family will get a username and password, allowing a person to upload all documents related to electoral registration and tag similar details about his or her family members. The EVP programme can be effected both online and offline.
    3. September month to be celebrated as 'Rashtriya Poshan Maah'
    i.
     The entire month of September 2019 will be celebrated as the Rashtriya Poshan Maah. This year the theme is Complementary Feeding.
    ii. Prime Minister's Overreaching Scheme for Holistic Nourishment- POSHAN Abhiyaan is a multi- ministerial convergence mission with the vision to address malnutrition with a targeted approach by 2022.

        International News

        4. Indonesia to move the capital from Jakarta to East Kalimantan
        i. Indonesia’s
         president announced that the country’s capital will move from overcrowded, sinking and polluted Jakarta to a site in sparsely populated East Kalimantan province on Borneo island.
        ii.
         The new capital city, which has not yet been named, will be in the middle of the vast archipelago nation and already has relatively complete infrastructure because it is near the cities of Balikpapan and Samarinda.
        Static/Current Takeaways Important For RRB NTPC/IBPS RRB Main:
        • Indonesian President: Joko Widodo; Currency: Indonesian rupiah.

        State News

        5. India’s first garbage cafe to be opened in Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh
        i.
         In a unique initiative, the Ambikapur municipal corporation of Chhattisgarh will open a first-of-its-kind 'Garbage Cafe'.
        ii. This initiative is a step towards making the city plastic-free. In this unique Cafe' poor people and rag pickers will get free food in exchange for one kilogram of plastic, while breakfast will be provided if half a kilogram of plastic is brought to the cafe.
        iii. The collected garbage will be sold at Solid-Liquid Resources Management Centre. The collected plastic waste would further be turned into granules and will then be used in the construction of roads in the city. Ambikapur is Chhattisgarh’s first dustbin-free city.
        Static/Current Takeaways Important For RRB NTPC/IBPS RRB Main 2019:
        • CM of Chhattisgarh: Bhupesh Baghel.
        • Governor of Chhattisgarh: Anusuiya Uikey.

        Banking

        6. IDBI Bank introduces repo-linked home and auto loans
        i.
         IDBI Bank will introduce two Repo Linked Products -Suvidha Plus Home Loan and Suvidha Plus Auto Loan from September 10.
        ii. The new Home Loan and Auto Loan products will be offered to new customers having a good credit score and a minimum income of Rs. 6 lakh per annum.
        iii. The Suvidha Plus Home Loan will be offered for up to Rs. 75 Lakh with a tenor of up to 35 years.
        iv. The Suvidha Plus Auto loan will be offered for up to Rs. 25 lakh covering the on-road price with a tenor of up to 7 years.

        Agreement

        7. Bangladesh partners with Reliance Power for gas-based power plant
        i.
         The Bangladesh government has signed an agreement with Reliance Power of India. As per the agreement, they will set up a 750 MW gas-based power plant in Meghnahat near Dhaka. The construction of the plant will be completed by 2022.
        ii. Reliance Power has also signed an MoU with Petro Bangla to set up 500 mmscfd (million standard cubic feet per day) LNG terminal at Kutubdia Island near Chittagong in Bangladesh.
        Static/Current Takeaways Important For IBPS RRB PO Mains:
        • Bangladesh Capital: Dhaka; Currency: Taka; PM: Sheikh Hasina.
        8. MeitY and Google signed a SoI to roll out "Build for Digital India"
        i. Google
         and the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology have signed a statement of intent to roll-out 'Build for Digital India'.
        ii. It is a programme which will provide engineering students a platform to develop market-ready, technology-based solutions that address key social problems.
        iii. Under this program, the applicants will participate in online and offline learning opportunities on key technologies like machine learning, cloud and android.
        Static/Current Takeaways Important For IBPS RRB PO Mains:
        • Union Minister of Electronics and Information Technology: Ravi Shankar Prasad.
        • Chief Executive Officer of GoogleSundar Pichai.

        Rank and Report

        9. Mumbai at 45th spot and Delhi at 52nd in World Safe Cities Index 2019
        i.
         According to a report of Economist Intelligence Unit, Mumbai has been ranked as the 45th safest city on the Safe Cities Index (SCI) 2019, while Delhi stood at the 52nd position. Tokyo taking the top spot, While Singapore and Osaka came 2nd and 3rd in the list.
        ii. The Safe Cities Index (SCI) 2019 ranks 60 countries worldwide across five continents and measures the multi-faceted nature of urban safety, with indicators categorised as digital, infrastructure, health and personal security.
        10. India ranks 9th on "Global Happiness Survey" by Ipsos
        i.
         According to a "Global Happiness Survey" by Ipsos, Indian has been ranked 9th on the happiness index among 28 global markets. For India, there has been a six per cent drop (from 83 per cent in 2018 to 77 per cent in 2019).
        ii. Australia and Canada at the top spot (at 86 per cent) have emerged as the happiest nations of the world, While Russia (47 per cent) emerged at the bottom of the heap, among the 28 markets.

        Appointment

        11. New Governors Appointed in 5 Indian States
        i.
         A total of five governors have been appointed by President Ram Nath Kovind, including the transfer and appointment of Kalraj Mishra.
        • Kalraj Mishra, the Governor of Himachal Pradesh, was transferred and appointed as the Governor of Rajasthan. He will replace Kalyan Singh.
        • Taking over Mishra’s role as Himachal governor is former Union minister Bandaru Dattatreya.
        • Tamil Nadu BJP president Dr Tamilisai Soundararajan has been appointed as the Governor of Telangana, replacing ESL Narasimhan.
        • Bhagat Singh Koshyari has been appointed as the new Governor of Maharashtra. Koshyari will replace Vidyasagar Rao.
        • Arif Mohammed Khan has been appointed as the Kerala governor in place of P Sathasivam.
        12. Lt. Gen. Mukund Naravane took charge as Vice Chief of Army Staff
        i.
         Lieutenant General Manoj Mukund Naravane has assumed charge as Vice Chief of the Indian Army. He succeeded Lieutenant General D. Anbu.
        ii. Before assuming charge as Vice Chief of the Army Staff, Lt. Gen. Naravane was heading the Eastern Command of the Indian Army which takes care of India’s border with China.
        Static/Current Takeaways Important For IBPS RRB Clerk Mains:
        • Chief of the Army Staff: General Bipin Rawat.
        13. GoI accepts SBI MD Anshula Kant's resignation
        i.
         The Government of India has accepted the resignation of State bank of India Managing Director Anshula Kant. Now she has been appointed as the managing director and chief financial officer of the World Bank.
        Static/Current Takeaways Important For RRB NTPC/IBPS RRB Mains:
        • SBI Chairperson: Rajnish Kumar; Headquarters: Mumbai.
        • Established: 1 July 1955.
        14. IPS Vivek Kumar Johri takes charge as BSF DG
        i.
         IPS officer Vivek Kumar Johri took charge as the Director General (DG) of the country's largest border guarding force, BSF. He will replace Rajni Kant Mishra.
        ii. VK Johri has been serving as the Special Secretary in the external intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), under the Cabinet Secretariat. He will retire in September next year and is the 25th chief of the force.
        Static/Current Takeaways Important For RRB Main 2019:
        • Headquarters of BSF: New Delhi; Established: 1 December 1965.

                  Summit and Conference

                  15. 4th General Assembly of A-WEB to be held at Bengaluru
                  i.
                   The Election Commission of India will host the 4th General Assembly of Association of World Election Bodies at Bengaluru. India will also take over as A-WEB’s Chair for the 2019-21 term.
                  ii. Over 50 countries across the globe will be participating in the meeting. The A-WEB is the largest association of Election Management Bodies worldwide.
                  iii. The Election Commission will also host International Conference on “Initiatives and Challenges of Social Media and Information Technology in Elections".
                  Static/Current Takeaways Important For IBPS RRB Clerk Mains:
                  • A-WEB was established on October 14, 2013; Permanent Secretariat at: Seoul, South Korea.
                  • Chief Election Commissioner of India: Sunil Arora.

                  Books and Authors

                  16. "A Short History of Indian Railways" title book penned by Rajendra B Aklekar
                  i.
                   A new book named "A Short History of Indian Railways", has been penned by veteran journalist and author Rajendra B Aklekar.
                  ii. 
                  This new book on the history of Indian Railways chronicles the journey of the national transporter from the 1830s to the new high-speed Train 18 and Prime Minister Narendra Modis ambitious bullet train project.

                  Obituaries

                  17. Emmy Award-winning actress Valerie Harper passes away
                  i.
                   The 4 Times Emmy Award-winning actress Valerie Harper passed away. She also has Golden Globe award for playing the brash New Yorker on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show". She began her career as a dancer on Broadway, making her debut in the musical "Take Me Along" in 1959.

                  Sports

                  18. Yashaswini Deswal wins gold at ISSF World Cup
                  i. Indian shooter Yashaswini Singh Deswal won gold in the women's 10meter Air Pistol event at the ISSF World Cup at Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. she has also secured an Olympic quota for India. This is India's 9th quota in shooting for 2020 Tokyo Games.
                  Static/Current Takeaways Important For RRB Main 2019:
                  • Capital of Brazil: Brasilia; Currency of Brazil: Brazilian Real.
                  19. Jasprit Bumrah becomes 3rd Indian to register a hat trick in Test cricket
                  i. Indian pace bowler Jasprit Bumrah has become the third Indian to register a hat-trick in Test cricket. He took 3 wickets in 3 successive balls in the 2nd test against West Indies, held in Kingston, Jamaica.
                  ii. He dismissed Darren Bravo, Shamarh Brooks and Roston Chase to claim the hat trick.
                  iii. This was the third test hat-trick by an Indian bowler after Harbhajan Singh and Irfan Pathan.
                  20. Ferrari's Charles Leclerc wins Belgian Grand Prix
                  i. Charles Leclerc won the Belgian Grand Prix after defeating Lewis Hamilton by less than a second. The tournament was held at the Spa-Francorchamps track. This was his first victory of his Formula One career. It was also Ferrari’s first win this year.
                  21. India lift SAFF Under-15 title in Kolkata
                  i. A convincing India U-15 team thrashed Nepal 7-0 to lift the SAFF U-15 title at the Kalyani Stadium in Kolkata. Striker Sridarth Nongmeikapam scored a hat-trick while Maheson Singh, Amandeep, Sibajit Singh and Himanshu Jangra scored one goal apiece.
                  ii. The victory also meant that India is now the most successful team in the tournament's history. They won the title for a record third time after previous wins in 2013 and 2017, both of which came in Nepal.

                  Miscellaneous

                  22. Russia to train Indian astronauts for Gaganyaan mission
                  i. Russia will train four Indian astronauts for India’s ambitious manned mission to space, Gaganyaan.
                  ii. Indian astronauts will be trained at Russian facilities. A special ISRO unit will be established in the embassy in Moscow to facilitate increased cooperation between India and Russia in view of the Gaganyaan mission.
                  iii. Under the Gaganyaan Mission, Indian Space Research Research Organisation has outlined a road map to put a three-man crew in a low earth orbit for 5-7 days by December 2021.
                  Static/Current Takeaways Important For IBPS RRB PO Mains:
                  • Chairman of ISRO: K. Sivan; Headquarters: Bengaluru; Established: 1969.
                  23. 100 cities to be covered under CGHS services by 2022
                  i. Health minister has announced that the Central Government Health Scheme's services would be available to 100 cities by 2022. He announced it during the inauguration of state-of-the-art CGHS Bhawan in New Delhi.
                  ii. The minister also launched the new scheme "Annual Health Check-up" of CGHS beneficiaries for pensioners of the age of 75 years and above.
                  Static/Current Takeaways Important For IBPS RRB Clerk Mains:
                  • Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare: Harsh Vardhan.



































                  Friday, 30 August 2019

                  Daily updates 13 August 2019

                  National News

                  1. Air India first flight over North Pole from Delhi to San Francisco
                  i.
                   On the nation's Independence Day, Air India will become the 1st Indian airline to fly over the North Pole while connecting New Delhi and North America. 
                  ii. The inaugural flight over the Polar region will take flight on August 15, 2019, and will fly from New Delhi to San Francisco.
                  iii. Currently, the route taken by New Delhi to San Francisco flight goes over Bangladesh, Myanmar, China and Japan before crossing the Pacific Ocean to enter the United States of America.

                  2. Doordarshan produced a patriotic song “Watan”
                  i. 
                  Union Information and Broadcasting Minister has released a patriotic song “Watan” to mark the occasion of Independence Day, 2019
                  ii. The song is sung by singer Javed Ali, penned by lyricist Alok Shrivastav and musically composed by Dushyant. The patriotic song is produced by Doordarshan.
                  iii.
                   The song highlights several path-breaking initiatives of the government including the determination and vision behind the recent successful launch of "Chandrayaan 2". 
                  iv. The song also pays tribute to the bravery and valour of our armed forces and the martyrs of the country.

                  Static/Current Takeaways Important For IBPS RRB PO Mains:

                  • Union Information and Broadcasting Minister: Prakash Javadekar.

                  3. Headgear becomes mandatory for children above 4 years
                  i.
                   Central government has made "Headgear" mandatory for children above 4 years while travelling on a motorcycle. 
                  ii. The safety measures for the children travelling on motorcycles have been included in the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act 2019.
                  iii. Making the protective headgear mandatory for children, Central government has replaced Section 129 of the principal Act in the Act as “Every person, above four years of age, driving or riding or being carried on a motorcycle of any class or description shall, while in public place wear protective headgear conforming to such standards as may be prescribed by the Central government”.
                  iv. Only Sikhs wearing turban have been exempted from the provision of Section 129 that makes helmets mandatory for all riders of motorcycles above 4 years of age.

                  International News

                  4. Alejandro Giammattei elected as Guatemala's new president
                  i. Alejandro Giammattei
                   has been elected as new president of Guatemala. He defeated former first lady Sandra Torres for the president's seat. Giammattei will succeed corruption tainted outgoing President Jimmy Morales.

                  Banking

                  5. AePS crosses 200 million transactions in July: NPCI
                  i.
                   National Payments Corporation of India has announced that Aadhaar enabled Payment System has crossed the milestone of over 200 million transactions during July 2019. The transaction count of AePS stood at 220 million in july 2019.
                  ii. AePS is a bank led model which allows basic banking transactions at point of sale. AePS empowers a bank customer to use Aadhaar as identity to access respective Aadhaar enabled bank account and perform basic banking transactions like cash withdrawal, intrabank or interbank fund transfer and balance enquiry.

                  Static/Current Takeaways Important For RRB NTPC Mains:

                  • MD & CEO of NPCI: Dilip Asbe.

                  6. EnKash Launched India's first Corporate Credit Card for SME's
                  i.
                   Business-to-business payments startup EnKash has launched the country's first corporate credit card called 'Freedom Card' for small and medium enterprises (SMEs).
                  ii.
                   The Freedom Card would give SMEs and startups the freedom to avail credit facility for immediate needs and to manage their liquidity.

                  Appointments

                  7. Ghotu Ram Meena named India’s next Ambassador to Republic of Congo
                  i. Ghotu Ram Meena
                   has been appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the Republic of Congo. Currently, Meena is serving as a counsellor, Embassy of India in Kyiv, Ukraine.

                  Static/Current Takeaways Important For RRB NTPC/IBPS RRB Main 2019:

                  • Capital of Congo: Brazzaville; Currency of congo: Congolese franc.

                  Award

                  8. National Youth Awards conferred for development and social service work
                  i.
                   The Union Minister for Youth Affairs & Sports (I/C) conferred the National Youth Awards. The awards were conferred to 20 individuals (aged between 15-29 years) and 3 organizations for excellent work and contribution in different fields of development and social service.
                  ii. The individual award comprises of a medal, a certificate and a cash prize of Rs. 50,000/-. The award to a youth organisation includes a medal, a certificate and a cash prize of Rs. 2,00,000/-.

                  Static/Current Takeaways Important For IBPS RRB PO Mains:

                  • Union Minister for Youth Affairs & Sports (I/C): Kiren Rijiju.

                  Defence

                  9. Army launches 'Mission Reach Out' in Jammu
                  i.
                   The Army has launched "Mission Reach Out" was chaired by White Knight Corps Commander Lt Gen Paramjit Singh in Jammu. 
                  ii. This Mission aims to ensure basic necessities and essential services are available in the region post the abrogation of the provisions of Article 370 and reorganisation of Jammu and Kashmir.
                  iii. It was attended by Jammu Divisional Commissioner Sanjeev Verma, members of the civil administration, representatives of the J&K Police, CRPF, BSF and intelligence agencies.

                  Static/Current Takeaways Important For RRB Main 2019:

                  • Governor of Jammu & Kashmir: Satya Pal Malik.

                  Science and Technology

                  10. IIT Kharagpur researchers develop low-cost blood test device
                  i.
                   Researchers from IIT Kharagpur have developed a low-cost diagnostic device which can perform various pathological tests by using blood taken from a fingerprick.
                  ii. The device requires only a paper strip based kit integrated with a smartphone to enable analytics and readout functions and an LED light for imaging.

                  11. Huawei launches its own operating system HarmonyOS
                  i.
                   Chinese telecom giant Huawei unveiled its own operating system will be called the HongmengOS, known in English as the HarmonyOS.
                  ii.
                   The operating system will be released as an open-source platform worldwide to encourage adoption. 
                  iii. HarmonyOS is future-oriented and designed to be more smooth and secure, and is completely different from Android and iOS.

                  Books and author

                  12. "Sridevi: Girl Woman Superstar" a book on the life of Sridevi
                  i.
                   The book, titled 'Sridevi: Girl Woman Superstar' will be launched on Sridevi's 56th birth anniversary. 
                  ii. The book is written by author-screenwriter Satyarth Nayak. The book will be published under the Ebury Press imprint of Penguin Random House in October 2019.

                  Sports

                  13. Aishwarya Pissay wins FIM Bajas World Cup
                  i. Aishwarya Pissay
                   made history by becoming the first Indian to win a world title in motorsports as she won the FIM World Cup in women’s category after the final round of the championship in Varpalota, Hungary.
                  ii. The event was conducted by the International Motorcycling Federation, the governing body for motorcycle racing in the world.

                  14. Canadian teenager Bianca Andreescu wins Rogers Cup 2019
                  i.
                   Canadian teenager Bianca Andreescu wins Rogers Cup tennis tournament 2019 held in Toronto, Canada. 
                  ii. She was the first Canadian to win the event in 50 years. Serena Williams was the runner-up in the final.

                  Obituaries

                  15. Music star DJ Arafat passes away
                  i.
                   Ivory Coast music star DJ Arafat passed away. He issued 11 albums, mainly of "coupe-decale", a dance music form combining rapid percussion, choppy rhythms with hip hop-style vocals. He was also named "Best Artist of the Year" at the Ivorian "Coupe-decale" Awards in 2016 and 2017.

                  16. Freedom fighter Dayanidhi Nayak passes away
                  i. freedom fighter Dayanidhi Nayak
                   passed away. Nayak has struggled against the British Government during the Quit India movement and he was a devout follower of Mahatma Gandhi.

                    17. Former ASG Amarendra Sharan passes away
                    i.
                     Senior advocate and former Additional Solicitor General Amarendra Sharan passed away. Sharan was the Additional Solicitor General in the Supreme Court from 2004 to 2009.
                    ii. He was also appointed as an amicus curiae by the apex court which was hearing a petition seeking fresh investigation in the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi.

                            Miscellaneous

                            18. Two new UTs, J&K and Ladakh will come into existence on Oct 31
                            i. President Ram Nath Kovind
                             gave assent to legislation for bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir, and two Union Territories, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh will come into existence on October 31.