Daily updates 4-July-2019

National News

1. Govt hikes MSP of Kharif crops for 2019-20 season
i. The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the increase in the Minimum Support Prices for all Kharif crops for 2019-20 Season. 
ii. MSP of the following crops has been increased by:

Paddy: 65 rupees per quintal

Jowar: 120 rupees per quintal





Ragi: 253 rupees per quintal





Tur: 125 rupees per quintal





Moong: 75 rupees per quintal





Urad Pulses: 100 rupees per quintal





Soyabean: 311 rupees per quintal





Sunflower: 262 rupees per quintal





Sesamum: 236 rupees per quintal



Static/Current Takeaways Important For RRB NTPC/IBPS RRB Mains:

Agriculture Minister: Narendra Singh Tomar.

2. Indian Railways to install CCTV cameras in over 7,000 train coaches
i. According to the GoI, the Indian Railways has set a target to install CCTV cameras in more than 7,000 coaches of mainline passenger trains by March 2021. 
ii. Also, CCTV cameras have already been installed in coaches of premium, mail, express and suburban trains.
Static/Current Takeaways Important For SBI PO/Clerk Mains:

Minister for Railways: Piyush Goyal.

3. Jagannath Rath Yatra 2019 begins
i. Lord Jagannath Rath Yatra begins in Puri, Odisha. 
ii. The Rath Yatra marks the journey of Lord Jagannath along with his siblings Lord Balabhadra and Devi Subhadra from Jagannath temple to Gundicha temple. 
iii. The journey covers a distance of around 17 km in Puri.
Static/Current Takeaways Important For EPFO/LIC ADO Mains:

CM of Odisha: Naveen Patnaik, Governor: Ganeshi Lal.

International News

4. IMF approves $6 billion loan for cash-strapped Pakistan
i. The IMF has approved a USD 6 billion loan over a period of 3 years for cash strapped Pakistan. ii. The USD 6 billion financial aid includes an immediate disbursement of USD 1 billion to help Pakistan address its balance of payment crisis.
iii. The approved loan aims to support Pakistan's economic plan, which aims to return sustainable growth to the country's economy and improve the standards of living.
Static/Current Takeaways Important For RRB NTPC/IBPS RRB Mains:

Prime Minister of Pakistan: Imran Khan; Capital: Islamabad.

Business News

5. ICICI & IndoStar Capital partner to finance commercial vehicles
i. ICICI Bank has tied up with NBFC IndoStar Capital for vehicle financing for small and medium fleet owners to buy new as well as old commercial vehicles.
ii. Under this partnership, IndoStar will originate and service the customers through the entire loan life cycle including sourcing, documentation, collection and loan servicing.
Static/Current Takeaways Important For ESIC:

Managing Director & CEO of ICICI Bank: Sandeep Bakhshi.

6. RBI sets up panel to review CICs
i. The Reserve Bank of India has set up a working group to review the regulatory and supervisory framework for core investment companies (CIC). 
ii. The group will be headed by Tapan Ray, non-executive chairman, Central Bank of India.
iii. The panel will examine the current regulatory framework for CICs in terms of adequacy, efficacy and effectiveness.

Ranks and Reports

7. Maharashtra ranks first in NITI Aayog's AMFFR Index
i. Maharashtra achieves first rank in NITI Aayog launched "Agricultural Marketing and Farmer Friendly Reforms Index (AMFFRI)".
ii. The index ranks states based on the degree of reforms they have undertaken in agricultural marketing. 
iii. AMFFRI has a score that can have minimum value “0” implying no reforms and maximum value “100” implying complete reforms in the selected areas.
Static/Current Takeaways Important For EPFO/LIC ADO Mains:

NITI Aayog CEO: Amitabh Kant; Vice Chairman: Rajiv Kumar.

Miscellaneous

8. IPS officer Aparna Kumar completes Seven Summit challenge
i. Aparna Kumar becomes first IPS officer to complete Seven Summit challenge by scaling Mt Denali. 
ii. Mt Denali is the tallest mountain in North America.

Sports News  

9. Hima bags gold in Poznan Athletics Grand Prix
i. Hima Das, the under-20 World champion has won the gold medal in women’s 200m in the Poznan Athletics Grand Prix. 
ii. Poznan Athletics Grand Prix is taking place in Poznan, Poland.

Obituaries

10. US auto industry legend Lee Iacocca passes away
i. Automobile industry legend from USA Lee Iacocca passed away. 
ii. He was known for creating the iconic Ford Mustang and saving Chrysler from bankruptcy.
11. Veteran industrialist BK Birla passes away
i. Birla Group patriarch and an ace of the Indian industry Basant Kumar Birla passed away in Mumbai. 
ii. He was the chairman of Century Textiles and Industries and was active in business since the age of 15

Basic Unix Commands

Knowing basic Unix commands should allow you to navigate your Unix or Linux system, confirm current system status and manage files or directories.

Getting help in Unix
man – view manual pages for Unix commands

Time and Date commands
date – show current date and time
sleep – wait for a given number of seconds
uptime – find out how long the system has been up

Unix users commands
These commands allow you to get basic information about Unix users in your environment.

id – print user identity
passwd – change user password
who – find out who is logged into the system
last – show history of logins into the system

Unix file operations
Navigating filesystem and managing files and access permissions:

ls – list files and directories
cp – copy files (work in progress)
rm – remove files and directories (work in progress)
mv – rename or move files and directories to another location
chmod – change file/directory access permissions
chown – change file/directory ownership

Text file operations in Unix
Most of important configuration in Unix is in clear text files, these commands will let you quickly inspect files or view logs:

cat – concatenate files and show contents to the standard output
more – basic pagination when viewing text files or parsing Unix commands output
less – an improved pagination tool for viewing text files (better than more command)
head – show the first 10 lines of text file (you can specify any number of lines)
tail – show the last 10 lines of text file (any number can be specified)

Unix directory management commands
Navigating filesystems and managing directories:

cd – change directory
pwd – confirm current directory
ln – make links and symlinks to files and directories
mkdir – make new directory
rmdir – remove directories in Unix

Unix system status commands
Most useful commands for reviewing hostname configuration and vital stats:

hostname – show or set server hostname
w – display system load, who's logged in and what they are doing
uname – print Unix system information

Networking commands in Unix
Most useful commands for inspecting network setup and exploring network connections and ports:

ifconfig – show and set IP addresses (found almost everywhere)
ip – show and set IP addresses (in recent Linux versions)
ping – check if remote host is reachable via ICMP ping
netstat – show network stats and routing information

Process management
Listing processes and confirming their status, and stopping processes if needed:

ps – list processes
top – show tasks and system status
kill – kill a process (stop application running)

Remote access commands
ssh is really the only way to go, but it's important to know telnet as well:

telnet – clear-text (insecure) remote access protocol
ssh – Secure SHell – encrypted remote access client

File transfers  commands
Always useful to know how to copy files between servers or just download some package from the web:

ftp – clear-text (insecure!) File Transfer Protocol client
sftp – secure (encrypted) version of FTP
scp – secure (encrypted) version of cp command
wget – download files from remote servers, HTTP/HTTPS and FTP

Basic UNIX commands

UNIX is case-sensitive.

Files

• ls --- lists your files
  ls -l --- lists your files in 'long format', which contains lots of useful information, e.g. the exact size of the file, who owns the file and who has the right to look at it, and when it was last modified.
  ls -a --- lists all files, including the ones whose filenames begin in a dot, which you do not always want to see.
  There are many more options, for example to list files by size, by date, recursively etc.
• more filename --- shows the first part of a file, just as much as will fit on one screen. Just hit the space bar to see more or q to quit. You can use /pattern to search for a pattern.
• emacs filename --- is an editor that lets you create and edit a file. 
• mv filename1 filename2 --- moves a file (i.e. gives it a different name, or moves it into a different directory (see below)
• cp filename1 filename2 --- copies a file
• rm filename --- removes a file. It is wise to use the option rm -i, which will ask you for confirmation before actually deleting anything. 
• diff filename1 filename2 --- compares files, and shows where they differ
• wc filename --- tells you how many lines, words, and characters there are in a file
• chmod options filename --- lets you change the read, write, and execute permissions on your files. The default is that only you can look at them and change them, but you may sometimes want to change these permissions. For example, chmod o+r filename will make the file readable for everyone, and chmod o-r filename will make it unreadable for others again. Note that for someone to be able to actually look at the file the directories it is in need to be at least executable. See help protection for more details.
• File Compression
  • gzip filename --- compresses files, so that they take up much less space. Usually text files compress to about half their original size, but it depends very much on the size of the file and the nature of the contents. There are other tools for this purpose, too (e.g. compress), but gzip usually gives the highest compression rate. Gzip produces files with the ending '.gz' appended to the original filename.
  • gunzip filename --- uncompresses files compressed by gzip.
  • gzcat filename --- lets you look at a gzipped file without actually having to gunzip it (same as gunzip -c). You can even print it directly, using gzcat filename | lpr
• printing
  • lpr filename --- print. Use the -P option to specify the printer name if you want to use a printer other than your default printer. For example, if you want to print double-sided, use 'lpr -Pvalkyr-d', or if you're at CSLI, you may want to use 'lpr -Pcord115-d'. See 'help printers' for more information about printers and their locations.
  • lpq --- check out the printer queue, e.g. to get the number needed for removal, or to see how many other files will be printed before yours will come out
  • lprm jobnumber --- remove something from the printer queue. You can find the job number by using lpq. Theoretically you also have to specify a printer name, but this isn't necessary as long as you use your default printer in the department.
  • genscript --- converts plain text files into postscript for printing, and gives you some options for formatting. Consider making an alias like alias ecop 'genscript -2 -r \!* | lpr -h -Pvalkyr' to print two pages on one piece of paper.
  • dvips filename --- print .dvi files (i.e. files produced by LaTeX). You can use dviselect to print only selected pages. .

Directories

Directories, like folders on a Macintosh, are used to group files together in a hierarchical structure.

• mkdir dirname --- make a new directory
• cd dirname --- change directory. You basically 'go' to another directory, and you will see the files in that directory when you do 'ls'. You always start out in your 'home directory', and you can get back there by typing 'cd' without arguments. 'cd ..' will get you one level up from your current position. You don't have to walk along step by step - you can make big leaps or avoid walking around by specifying path names
• pwd --- tells you where you currently are.

Finding things

• ff --- find files anywhere on the system. This can be extremely useful if you've forgotten in which directory you put a file, but do remember the name. In fact, if you use ff -p you don't even need the full name, just the beginning. This can also be useful for finding other things on the system, e.g. documentation.
• grep string filename(s) --- looks for the string in the files. This can be useful a lot of purposes, e.g. finding the right file among many, figuring out which is the right version of something, and even doing serious corpus work. grep comes in several varieties (grep, egrep, and fgrep) and has a lot of very flexible options. Check out the man pages if this sounds good to you.

About other people

• w --- tells you who's logged in, and what they're doing. Especially useful: the 'idle' part. This allows you to see whether they're actually sitting there typing away at their keyboards right at the moment.
• who --- tells you who's logged on, and where they're coming from. Useful if you're looking for someone who's actually physically in the same building as you, or in some other particular location.
• finger username --- gives you lots of information about that user, e.g. when they last read their mail and whether they're logged in. Often people put other practical information, such as phone numbers and addresses, in a file called .plan. This information is also displayed by 'finger'.
• last -1 username --- tells you when the user last logged on and off and from where. Without any options, last will give you a list of everyone's logins.
• talk username --- lets you have a (typed) conversation with another user
• write username --- lets you exchange one-line messages with another user
• elm --- lets you send e-mail messages to people around the world (and, of course, read them). It's not the only mailer you can use, but the one we recommend. 

About your (electronic) self

• whoami --- returns your username. Sounds useless, but isn't. You may need to find out who it is who forgot to log out somewhere, and make sure *you* have logged out.
• finger & .plan files
  of course you can finger yourself, too. That can be useful e.g. as a quick check whether you got new mail. Try to create a useful .plan file soon. Look at other people's .plan files for ideas. The file needs to be readable for everyone in order to be visible through 'finger'. Do 'chmod a+r .plan' if necessary. You should realize that this information is accessible from anywhere in the world, not just to other people on turing.
• passwd --- lets you change your password, which you should do regularly (at least once a year). 
• ps -u yourusername --- lists your processes. Contains lots of information about them, including the process ID, which you need if you have to kill a process. Normally, when you have been kicked out of a dialin session or have otherwise managed to get yourself disconnected abruptly, this list will contain the processes you need to kill. Those may include the shell (tcsh or whatever you're using), and anything you were running, for example emacs or elm. Be careful not to kill your current shell - the one with the number closer to the one of the ps command you're currently running. But if it happens, don't panic. Just try again :) If you're using an X-display you may have to kill some X processes before you can start them again. These will show only when you use ps -efl, because they're root processes.
• kill PID --- kills (ends) the processes with the ID you gave. This works only for your own processes, of course. Get the ID by using ps. If the process doesn't 'die' properly, use the option -9. But attempt without that option first, because it doesn't give the process a chance to finish possibly important business before dying. You may need to kill processes for example if your modem connection was interrupted and you didn't get logged out properly, which sometimes happens.
• quota -v --- show what your disk quota is (i.e. how much space you have to store files), how much you're actually using, and in case you've exceeded your quota (which you'll be given an automatic warning about by the system) how much time you have left to sort them out (by deleting or gzipping some, or moving them to your own computer).
• du filename --- shows the disk usage of the files and directories in filename (without argument the current directory is used). du -s gives only a total.
• last yourusername --- lists your last logins. Can be a useful memory aid for when you were where, how long you've been working for, and keeping track of your phonebill if you're making a non-local phonecall for dialling in.

Connecting to the outside world

• nn --- allows you to read news. It will first let you read the news local to turing, and then the remote news. If you want to read only the local or remote news, you can use nnl or nnr, respectively. To learn more about nn type nn, then \tty{:man}, then \tty{=.*}, then \tty{Z}, then hit the space bar to step through the manual. Or look at the man page. Or check out the probably the easiest and most fun way to go.
• rlogin hostname --- lets you connect to a remote host
• telnet hostname --- also lets you connect to a remote host. Use rlogin whenever possible.
• ftp hostname --- lets you download files from a remote host which is set up as an ftp-server. This is a common method for exchanging academic papers and drafts. If you need to make a paper of yours available in this way, you can (temporarily) put a copy in /user/ftp/pub/TMP. For more permanent solutions, ask Emma. The most important commands within ftp are get for getting files from the remote machine, and put for putting them there (mget and mput let you specify more than one file at once). Sounds straightforward, but be sure not to confuse the two, especially when your physical location doesn't correspond to the direction of the ftp connection you're making. ftp just overwrites files with the same filename. If you're transferring anything other than ASCII text, use binary mode.
• lynx --- lets you browse the web from an ordinary terminal. Of course you can see only the text, not the pictures. You can type any URL as an argument to the G command. When you're doing this from any Stanford host you can leave out the . part of the URL when connecting to Stanford URLs. Type H at any time to learn more about lynx, and Q to exit.

Miscellaneous tools

• webster word --- looks up the word in an electronic version of Webster's dictionary and returns the definition(s)
• date --- shows the current date and time.
• cal --- shows a calendar of the current month. Use e.g., 'cal 10 1995' to get that for October 95, or 'cal 1995' to get the whole year.

You can find out more about these commands by looking up their manpages:
man commandname --- shows you the manual page for the command